tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-59673272024-03-18T05:47:32.721-04:00Bioline News BlogThe Bioline News Blog provides updates about Bioline International. Read on to find out more!Unknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger252125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5967327.post-87144810672013899132020-03-03T18:49:00.000-05:002020-03-03T18:49:07.613-05:00Welcoming the Rwanda Health Public Bulletin!<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
Bioline International is honoured and pleased to welcome the <a href="http://www.bioline.org.br/rp" style="color: #954f72;">Rwanda Health Public Bulletin</a> (RHPB) on our open access platform. I had the pleasure of interviewing the editor-in-chief, Leon Mutesa, who told me about the exciting journey of the new bulletin.<o:p></o:p></div>
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In late 2018, the RHPB initiative began with the the Ministry of Health (MoH) and the Rwanda Biomedical Center (RBC) to create a platform where knowledge on health issues could be disseminated in a timely and consistent manner. Published articles include disease surveillance summaries, evaluation of public health interventions, public health notices or outbreak reports, case studies, opinion articles, commentaries, original research papers, review papers, research brief and policy briefs or notes. These help bridge the gap between health professionals, policy-makers, researchers and the public. Professor Mutesa states: “Not having such space was creating a gap in the policy making decision process for the government”. Indeed, key policy challenges arise from the interaction of multiple interdependent and multidimensional factors that are not readily addressed by traditional policy and decision making, therefore research, public partnerships and engagement on public health issues can help generate insight and identify and close the gaps and inconsistencies in health laws and policies.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="http://www.bioline.org.br/titles?id=rp&year=2019&vol=01&num=01&keys=V1N1" style="color: #954f72;">The first issue of the bulletin</a> was published in March 2019 after months of hiring the editorial team, committed peer-reviewers and writers, and coordinating the various editorial processes it takes for article publication (such as submission, review, editing, acceptance of papers to be published). Such fantastic initiative takes time to build form the ground up and challenges are nothing short of predominant. Despite facing challenges such as scarcity of public health content or finding writers willing to submit their content to a new platform, after each publication the Rwanda Health Public Bulletin has seen a constant rise in readership and positive feedback from the general public on social media. I encourage readers to dive into, support, and share the articles published by the RHPB in their <a href="http://www.bioline.org.br/titles?id=rp&year=2019&vol=01&num=01&keys=V1N1" style="color: #954f72;">first</a>, <a href="http://www.bioline.org.br/titles?id=rp&year=2019&vol=01&num=02&keys=V1N2" style="color: #954f72;">second</a> and <a href="http://www.bioline.org.br/titles?id=rp&year=2019&vol=01&num=03&keys=V1N3" style="color: #954f72;">third</a> issues as they help shape our global understanding of population health.<o:p></o:p></div>
Aïcha Yasmine Touréhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06052034604649140800noreply@blogger.com7tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5967327.post-5564318878147138182020-02-10T12:40:00.000-05:002020-02-11T01:34:00.465-05:00Child Marriages, Child Protection and Sustainable Development in Kenya: Is Legislation Sufficient?<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
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There is an increasing awareness that strong legislative frameworks do not always translate in their implementation and effectiveness. This seems to be the case in Kenya. In “<a href="http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=rh19028&lang=en" style="color: #954f72;">Child Marriages, Child Protection and Sustainable Development in Kenya: Is Legislation Sufficient?</a>”, Ajwang’ Warria argues that despite substantial<span style="color: red;"> </span>national laws as well as international and regional conventions against child marriages, female genital mutilation (FGM) and the prosecution of its perpetuators, the practice is still very much present, partially due to the lack of community involvement and advocacy groups. Indeed, the poor implementation of existing Kenyan laws such as the Children’s Act, the Marriage Act, the Counter-Trafficking in Persons Act and the Prohibition of Female Genital Mutilation, they are often overridden by customary laws, especially in rural areas. According to <a href="http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=rh19028&lang=en" style="color: #954f72;">Warria</a> (2019), a community-based and participatory approach is needed to induce positive and sustainable social change. The elimination of child marriages requires grassroots efforts and that include community and traditional leaders as well as reproductive health and advocates. Cross and multicultural programming and efforts can tackle and/or shift deep-rooted social norms, laws, rituals and practices such as female genital mutilation that perpetuate child marriages.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Consider this <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/audio/2018/may/23/fgm-female-genital-mutilation-fighting-for-change-kenya-leah-chebet-psiya-podcast" style="color: #954f72;">Guardian podcast</a> I came across, featuring Leah Chebet Psiya and her Pokot Women’s Empowerment Organisation. The women activists undertake rescue missions to vulnerable populations (women and children) during environmental disasters, deadly floods and landslides that devastated her community last year and the country of Kenya as a whole. They are also advocating for women’s rights and campaigning against the traditional practice of female genital mutilation in West Pokot. Leah explains that in her culture, female genital mutilation is an indicator that girls are ready to be married, which often arranged by the family. Therefore, girls are forced to drop out of school and leave home to an early and forced marriage. When the girl gets married, the family of the bride receive cows for the dowry. Female genital mutilation, child marriages and the custom of dowry are interconnected cultural practices that increase the family’s wealth, and this is why it continues to be encouraged from one generation to the next. Other factors like poverty and humanitarian disasters (with cases of floods and famines in Kenya) will influence the likelihood of child marriages due to precarious living and being able to meet basic needs. <span style="color: red;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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When there are female genital mutilation ceremonies, members of Pokot Women’s Empowerment Organisation interrupt them and take the underage girls from to a safe home where the organization provides them with basic necessities and put them through school. Whenever the underage girls are willing to go back to their respective village, Pokot women activists prepare a sit-down with the village chief, the parents, extended family and the community to negotiate and explain them the benefits of girls pursuing their education and potentially being political leaders that would implement policies benefiting their villages. When a consensus has been reached, the Pokot Women’s Empowerment Organisation write down an agreement holding them accountable to support girls’ education. However, at the end of the interview Leah admitted that after 3 months, some communities tend to reinstate the practice of female genital mutilation, this is why funding is need for continuous monthly assessments and check-ups is needed to guarantee the sustainability of the organization’s efforts.<o:p></o:p></div>
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To conclude, grassroots work and advocacy efforts can help identify gaps and inconsistencies in laws and policies in addressing the underlying causes of child marriages and FGM to reduce its high prevalence in Kenya. <a href="http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=rh19028&lang=en" style="color: #954f72;">Warria</a> (2019) affirms it requires multi-level support based on policy reforms as well as collective efforts from local and international players to remedy to issues of lack of rights awareness, culture and traditions, poverty and socialization. <o:p></o:p></div>
Aïcha Yasmine Touréhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06052034604649140800noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5967327.post-18029893545530883112020-01-14T22:26:00.000-05:002020-01-14T22:26:47.294-05:00What is the Link between Malaria Prevention in Pregnancy and Neonatal Survival in Nigeria?<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
Neonatal mortality (NNM) is a major global public health concern causing 4 million deaths every year and accounting for 41% of under-five child mortality. Nigeria experiences the highest prevalence on the continent of Africa. NNM is caused by prematurity, neonatal infections, birth asphyxia and possibly malaria as explored in this <a href="http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=rh19014&lang=en" style="color: #954f72;">article</a>. Although malaria in pregnancy may not be a direct cause of neonatal mortality, it has a significant impact on maternal and neonatal health, especially in Nigeria where malaria transmission remains high. Malaria has been indirectly linked to neonatal mortality through maternal anaemia and placental parasitaemia which affects maternal fetal transfer of nutrients across the placenta leading to low birth weight (LBW). <o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=rh19014&lang=en" style="color: #954f72;">Adeoye & Fagbamigbe</a> (2019) used nationally representative data of Nigerian women of reproductive age to investigate the relationship between the malaria prevention in pregnancy and neonatal survival. The <a href="http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=rh19014&lang=en" style="color: #954f72;">study</a> found that Sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (IPT-SP), a combination of medications to treat malaria, and insecticide-treated bed nets (ITNs) are both cost-effective options to prevent neonatal mortality as these two treatments prevent low-birth weight which the most important cause of neonatal mortality. Furthermore, adequate antenatal care visits appear to improve neonatal survival rates. This is critical to the prevention of NNM as the visits allow for important interventions and health promotional activities for malaria prevention in pregnancy.<o:p></o:p></div>
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This <a href="http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=rh19014&lang=en" style="color: #954f72;">article</a> is very significant because it fills an important gap in the literature as little research has been conducted on the relationship between malaria prevention in pregnancy and neonatal mortality, especially in Nigeria. Based on the evidence in this <a href="http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=rh19014&lang=en" style="color: #954f72;">article</a>, the country would benefit from additional scientific research on the topic as in 2015, total neonatal deaths reached approximately 250,000. Further research and the implementation of prevention strategies could potentially save the lives of many future newborns. <o:p></o:p></div>
Aïcha Yasmine Touréhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06052034604649140800noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5967327.post-48706999817823465182019-11-22T16:34:00.000-05:002019-11-22T16:44:19.060-05:00THE ANTI-PROLIFERATIVE AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF FOUR INDIGENOUS SOUTH AFRICAN PLANTS <div class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines published a <a href="http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=tc19002&lang=en" style="color: #954f72; font-style: normal; text-decoration: underline;"><span style="color: windowtext;">study</span></a> on the potential of South African Indigenous plants in reducing the risk and spread of cancerous cells. Sunelle and colleagues (2019) concluded that three plant extracts, <i>Combretum molle</i> fruit extract, <i>Euclea crispa</i> subsp. <i>crispa </i>and <i>Sideroxylon inerme</i> possess antioxidant and anti-proliferative properties in the prevention and treatment of cancer. This is an important discovery as cancer treatments such as surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and drugs have many side effects and are becoming less and less effective. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Medicinal plants play a very important role in providing affordable and accessible health care in Indigenous African communities. Traditional indigenous knowledge has and continues to be used by the scientific community and pharmaceutical industry to create medication to treat life threatening diseases such as cancer. Open access articles like this one facilitate the dissemination of this knowledge to the South African and international communities who can implement it in medical practice. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">However, it is important to consider the power dynamics involved in the exploitation of Indigenous knowledge and practices. Rachel Wynberg explores this in her article: “<a href="https://theconversation.com/justice-is-still-not-being-done-in-the-exploitation-of-indigenous-products-57080" style="color: #954f72; font-style: normal; text-decoration: underline;">Justice is still not being done in the exploitation of indigenous products</a>”. She argues that South African Indigenous communities deserve the same economic and social recognition for the discovery of medicinal plants as the large corporations who manufacture and distribute them. As such, the scientific discovery of the antioxidant and anti-proliferative properties of <i>Combretum molle</i> fruit extract, <i>Euclea crispa</i> subsp. <i>crispa</i> and <i>Sideroxylon inerme</i> should be considered from a social justice approach. Wynberg establishes the following strategies through which social justice can be achieved:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<li><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; text-indent: -24px;">Interrogating the unequal power relations of African natural product value chains</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; text-indent: -24px;">Securing ownership rights to the resources, knowledge and land that have been alienated for centuries form Indigenous South African people</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; text-indent: -24px;">Building the long-term financial and technical capacity of communities to engage in commercialization of Indigenous South African plants</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="text-indent: -24px;">Facilitating market access</span></span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></li>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">As the demand for traditional medicinal plants continues to increase, a collaborative approach involving all stakeholders is very much needed in order to ensure equity, economic development for local communities, as well as sustainable use of Indigenous medicinal plants. </span><o:p></o:p></div>
Aïcha Yasmine Touréhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06052034604649140800noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5967327.post-49970848537964051532018-01-22T08:40:00.000-05:002018-01-22T08:46:14.197-05:00Intimate Partner Abuse: Wife Beating among Civil Servants in Ibadan, Nigeria<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-small;">The article <a href="http://www.bioline.org.br/request?rh05025">Intimate Partner Abuse: Wife Beating among Civil Servants in Ibadan, Nigeria</a> by <span style="background-color: transparent; display: inline; float: none; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Olufunmilayo I Fawole</span><span style="background-color: transparent; display: inline; float: none; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">, Adedibu L Aderonmu</span><span style="background-color: transparent; display: inline; float: none; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"> and
Adeniran O Fawole</span> explore the idea of partner abuse, specifically wife-beating. The authors remark that despite this being a common phenomenon, it is underreported, notably among the working class. the authors conducted a study in which 431 civil servants working for the Oyo State government were interviewed. Their research made several conclusions: women who are unmarried, young, parents who fought were more likely to be beaten; mean who with significant consumption of alcohol and growing up with parents who fought were also more likely to beat their wives/ partners; despite being in the abusive relationship, some women remain for the sake of their children, or in hope that their partner's attitude will improve. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: black;">The authors describe the various forms of intimate partner abuse: psychological, physical and/ or sexual coercion and ranges from hitting, slapping, kicking, beating to intimidating and humiliating. They discuss the role of societal norms and gender-role expectations as key factors that lead to intimate partner abuse. The expectations that men are the bread-winners of the family places them in a hierarchical and superior position in the family. This position allows them to continue the abuse; the women are not in a place to object. Traditionally, they are expected to remain at home and take care of the children; their relationship with their male partners is one of and obedience. The authors emphasize that despite intimate partner abuse being a very common practice in all countries regardless of social, economic, religious or cultural differences, it is still accepted and tolerated. Domestic violence can lead to health-related effects for women; for instance, illness related to sexual and reproductive health, physical injury, psychological trauma, and risk of illness in the future. But its is still underreported. Women are less inclined to disclose their experience of being abused. T<span style="background-color: transparent; display: inline; float: none; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">his is primarily due to it being seen as form of discipline; thus, it is normalized in society. </span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: transparent; display: inline; float: none; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="color: black;"></span><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; display: inline; float: none; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: black;">Often times, victims may not speak out against abuse due to lack of resources, and support system as well as a lack of education and an understanding that abuse is wrong. <span style="background-color: transparent; display: inline; float: none; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">The study conducted in this article hoped to create an advocacy tool and guide for state to implement better policies that can help de-normalize gender-based violence. It also aimed to lead development in treatment, counselling and support services. </span></span></span></span></span></div>
Tashnim Jerinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15039042316185371360noreply@blogger.com12tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5967327.post-78554131845021884412017-10-24T09:36:00.002-04:002017-10-24T09:36:39.229-04:00<a href="http://www.bioline.org.br/pdf?th16027">Emerging viral infectious disease threat: Why Tanzania is not in a safe zone</a><br />
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Viral infections are often concerning and can lead to the outbreak of an epidemic, especially in developing countries.<br />
The article "Emerging viral infectious disease threat: Why Tanzania is not in a safe zone" captures this situation. It gives an overview of the problem in relation to the likeliness of outbreak in Tanzania.<br />
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The authors argue that while Tanzania has been safe comparing to many African countries, it should take precaution and be ready incase of the outbreak of emerging infectious disease (EID). They list five viral infectious diseases that may possibly result in an outbreak in the future: Rift Valley fever, Influenza H1N1, Rubella, HIV1 and Dengue and Chikungunya. The authors conclude with recommendations to help this outbreak should be taken place, such as: training employees in the healthcare industry to detect potential EID symptoms in their early stages and community-based surveillance systems etc.<br />
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The provision given by the authors is similar to another article I came across earlier this week: <a href="https://medicalxpress.com/news/2017-10-collision-civil-war-threat-global.html">The collision of civil war and threat of global pandemics</a><br />
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This article examines the role of civil war in spreading infectious diseases. It also discusses the inability of healthcare systems and health practitioners in determining the early symptoms of an epidemic in patients. Gathering and organizing data in a sufficient matter is also a challenge, as these regions often lack the proper technology or equipment.<br />
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Both articles indicate a very similar message: adopting an early precautionary practice is a suitable approach in avoiding the outbreaks of infectious disease, especially in developing countries, where the necessary tools may not be present. This is especially important in cases of countries (such as Tanzania) that may not appear to be in immediate danger; its critical to recognize the potential danger in the long-term and take the appropriate measures to prevent such circumstance.<br />
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<i><br /></i>Tashnim Jerinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15039042316185371360noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5967327.post-66858615195058792182017-10-16T03:19:00.000-04:002017-10-16T03:19:20.170-04:00<a href="http://www.bioline.org.br/pdf?rh17003">Culture Clash: Shona (Zimbabwean) Migrant Women’s Experiences with Communicating about Sexual Health and Wellbeing across Cultures and Generations</a>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; margin: 0px;">As they settle in their
new homes, newcomer migrants experience many cultural differences. For </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; margin: 0px;">example,
communication of health issues within family members- specifically sexual
health, is an arena that differs from one country to another. Topics of sexual
health is a taboo in some cultures and is often not discussed as freely within
family members, especially between parents and children. This phenomenon is
particularly prominent in developing countries. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; margin: 0px;">The dynamics of the
situation is different in developed countries, many of which promote a more
open-dialogue approach when it comes to discussion of sexual health between
parents and their children. Tinashe Dune and Virginia Mapedzahama’s article “C<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ulture Clash: Shona (Zimbabwean) Migrant
Women’s Experiences with Communicating about Sexual Health and Wellbeing across
Cultures and Generations</i>” address this problem. Specifically, it examines
cases of 14 Shona (Zimbabwean) women living in Australia between ages 29-53. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; margin: 0px;">Dune and Mapedzahama
discovered that Shona women found it difficult to disclose information related
to sexual health to their children. However, there was an effort of integrating
policies of both worlds: the open Australian dialogue versus the more reserved
attitude of their country of origin. <span style="margin: 0px;"> </span>The
study aims to find a comprising solution that can satisfy this problem,
particularly in the cases of cross-cultural adolescents, who had been brought
up in both environments (referred to as “1.5 generation”). </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; margin: 0px;">Based on their analysis,
the authors’ findings conclude that better health policies need to be
administered. Specifically, current policies need to be redesigned to cater to <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">migrant</i> parents. Although resources and
guidelines exist to help parents, these resources do not suit the needs of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">migrant</i> parents. The authors conclude on
the note of making communication of sexual health more accessible and clear for
not only the parents, but also the 1.5 generation. They note that current
health policies in multicultural developed countries with a large migrant
population (such as Australia) can be improved to suit the needs of cross-cultural
youth.</span></div>
Tashnim Jerinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15039042316185371360noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5967327.post-48716901389405838902017-07-28T22:17:00.002-04:002017-07-28T22:17:42.069-04:00Suicidal Thoughts in the Novel Don Quixote - Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences, Vol. 23, No. 2, 2016, pp. 65-69Suicide and mental illness is a public health problem that is very poorly understood. In the recent years, there have been more efforts made in the Global North to reduce the negative connotations in regards to suicide. United States Congress in 1990 established the Mental Illness Awareness Week, which was a project by the National Alliance of Mental Illness to create awareness and educate people regarding mental illness. However, these views are very science oriented.<br />
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The concept of suicide in the last century has been medicalised, where suicide is always linked to mental disorders. This narrative has discouraged fields such as sociology and history’s perspective on suicide. This article looks at fictional material which is also a source of information to understand suicide. This study aims to improve our understanding of suicide by examining the early 17th Century Spanish novel called “Don Quixote” By Miguel Cervantes.<br />
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The study translated different accounts of suicide and suicidal thoughts which they categorized and listed under the appropriate heading. The results suggest that there are no complete accounts on suicide however, there are five indirect statements that suggested that suicide was a mean of dealing with stress. From these five accounts, three of them were linked with dealing with a loss of a loved one. There was another account of a person pretending to attempt suicide for manipulative purposes.<br />
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This study concludes that in the early 17th century Spain suicide was a way of dealing with stress. This provides evidence that suicide can occur in the absence of a mental disorder.<br />
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Maham Aqilhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06432016952816471503noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5967327.post-18406614775298215412017-07-05T15:52:00.000-04:002017-07-05T15:52:57.415-04:00THE AGING OF AFRICA: CHALLENGES TO AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT - African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development, Vol. 16, No. 1, 2016, pp. 1-15<div class="MsoNormal">
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Baby Boomers are the children who were born in the mid-1940s to the 1960s. Baby Boomers are now reaching an age where they are retiring and require medical attention. The number of Canadians who are aged 65 and older grew by 14.1 percent between 2006 and 2011 (The Canadian Press, 2012). Not only are the baby boomers getting older they are also living longer. Then one needs to prepare for the demand of medical care and attention that will be required. <o:p></o:p></div>
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In the case of developing countries, African countries have been aiming to have policies around an aging population ever since 1982. Where four major United Nations international policy documented that national policies should focus on the aging population in Africa to ensure that there are no human rights problems in the future.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>However, there is very little evidence of these policies on the ground. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Countries in Africa are still battling with issues of political organizations, wars, civil war and post-colonial self-image. Countries such as Kenya, Uganda, and Tanzania have realized the correlations of economic success and human development with rapid population growth, survival of vulnerable population and inevitable increase of median age of the population. Reduction of infant mortality and improving maternal and child health has been a propriety in African countries. As childhood mortality reduces the birth rates in these countries remain high resulting in an increase in population. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Most African people believe that national governments should support for aging society however this is a political process. There needs to be agreement on fair taxes that can distribute the burden of government in supporting the population. One needs to recognize direct and indirect economic contributions. <o:p></o:p></div>
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People in developing nations depend on free services to share the burden of elder care however the developing countries are unprepared to spend on their social sector. Inadequate pensions can force retirees to find houses in urban slums where they depend on others to provide for nutrition and often are malnourished and at risk of health problems. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Douglass (2015) asks the following very important questions in relations to the aging population in Africa: <o:p></o:p></div>
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1. " How can African governments revisit national priorities (such as Millennial Development Goals) for health, economic development, the growth of the middle class, and public health with increased attention, and investment in, the aging? <o:p></o:p></div>
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2. What should developing African nations do right away? How can the nations initiate and sustain sufficiently sound data collection to be able to plan with precision the near-future needs of an aging society and for the predictable future? What metrics can be trusted to use for planning, program design, health and welfare policy, and manpower needs? <o:p></o:p></div>
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3. How can early detection, health and wellness monitoring, and primary care availability become more focused on the aging populations in order to reduce the need for costly, and largely unavailable, hospitalization? <o:p></o:p></div>
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4. How can home-based chronic disease management and care be established within the labor, financial, and technical resource limitations of developing African nations? <o:p></o:p></div>
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5. Given that in many places the very young are being raised by the oldest members of communities, what is likely to happen when the elderly caregivers are unable to continue in the child-rearing role?<o:p></o:p></div>
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6. How will traditions of family-based care and filial responsibility challenge, or complicate social responses such as long-term care, chronic disease management, transportation and housing for the aging? <o:p></o:p></div>
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7. Should key parties in the stable African nations begin to consider continent-wide responses to aging in society? If so, how will the central issues of food security and justice-based development be financed, organized, and processed as societies change? <o:p></o:p></div>
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8. How can African nations address the inevitable needs of aging populations while also finding ways to reduce ethnic and religious conflicts, and sustain investments in other priorities such as housing, transportation, and education? How will ethnic diversity, gender inequality, geography, religious conflicts, socio-economic disparities, and fragile political stability influence Africa’s ability to prepare for the aging of the population? <o:p></o:p></div>
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9. How will the diaspora of African talent affect Africa’s ability to take care of its own? Are there sufficient numbers of chronic disease specialists for an aging Africa? Are there specialists for the needs of the elderly in housing, transportation, and other essential service areas? "<o:p></o:p></div>
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The Canadian Press (2012) Baby Boomers’ Health Demands Will Pose Challenges, CBCNEWs.Retrieved from: http://www.cbc.ca/news/health/baby-boomers-health-demands-will-pose-challenges-1.1151890<o:p></o:p></div>
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Maham Aqilhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06432016952816471503noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5967327.post-36076277081951394492017-06-30T18:49:00.001-04:002017-06-30T18:49:57.392-04:00The efficacy of Iranian herbal medicines in alleviating hot flashes: A systematic review - Iranian Journal of Reproductive Medicine, Vol. 14, No. 3, 2016, pp. 155-166Herbal medicine, the use of plants or herbs to create medicine, is one of the natural ways of treating illness. Traditional medicine has been discouraged by wide pharmaceutical companies. However, many people still use traditional medicine because of its benefits and fewer side effects such as found in scientific medicine. Modern medicines also derived plant compounds as evidence for their pharmaceutical drugs. Plants and natural herbs are useful in curing illness.<br />
<br />
Many women in Iran use herbal medicine instead of industrial medicines when the have hot flashes. Hot flashes are the most common symptom of menopause experienced by women.<br />
<br />
Women are recommended to have hormone therapy to alleviate hot flashes however these medicines have side effects such as vaginal bleeding. Therefore, there has been a growing interest in herbal medicine.<br />
<br />
The aim of this article was to assess the effectiveness of Iranian herbal medicines in alleviant hot flashes for women. The study uses a systematic review to state that soy, black cohosh, red clover, evening primrose etc, can alleviate the side effects of hot flashes.<br />
<br />
<br />
This study shows how herbal medicine can alleviate hot flashes. Therefore, herbal medicine can be seen an alternative to industrial pharmaceutical medicines.<br />
<div>
<br /></div>
Maham Aqilhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06432016952816471503noreply@blogger.com8tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5967327.post-10128856482128024442017-06-30T17:10:00.000-04:002017-06-30T17:10:22.490-04:00Sexual risk behavior among HIV-positive persons in Jamaica - African Health Sciences, Vol. 17, No. 1, 2017, pp. 32-38Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) can lead to aids, which till now is a global public health challenge. HIV is a transferred from one person to the other through sexual intercourse, or through needles or syringes. People who are HIV positive risky sexual behaviors can lead to their partners being at risk of HIV transmission. It is very important to stop HIV transmission acts.<br />
<br />
More people living in developing countries have HIV/AIDS as compared to developed countries. Due to intersectionality, one can see how most people living under poverty line cannot afford to get an education, they do not get the proper education on safe sex. Furthermore, in many developing countries, such as India, talking about sex to one’s children is taboo. This way the children are not educated on how to have safe sex and they are at more of a risk of getting HIV/AIDS. Also, people suffering from drug addictions end up reusing syringes because they can’t afford new ones.<br />
<br />
The case study aims to assess the prevalence of sexual risk behaviors within individuals who are HIV positive in clinical care in North Western Jamaica. This study had a cross-sectional survey done of 33 males and 85 females to assess health care characteristic, the knowledge of HIV and Aids and the attitudes and believes on sexual risk behavior.<br />
<br />
The study concludes that the occurrence of unsafe sex is high among sexually active individuals with HIV and AIDS in Jamaica. Not disclosing their status of being HIV positive can place the partners of this individual at risk. Therefore, promoting safe sexual behaviors is very important. Not only there should be a positive social environment for people who live with HIV/AIDs in Jamaica.<br />
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<br />
<br />Maham Aqilhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06432016952816471503noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5967327.post-53732479234513633202017-06-15T20:33:00.000-04:002017-06-15T20:33:10.941-04:00Domestic unintentional injury of 1 to 5-year-old children in a rural area of West Bengal, India: a community-based study - Tanzania Journal of Health Research, Vol. 18, No. 3, 2016, pp. 1-8 <br />
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After the partition of Pakistan and India in 1947, many refugee populations resided near the railway tracks that run through the southern parts of Calcutta. These populations lived in shanties of Calcutta’s Rail Colony for over 50 years (Chatterjee, 2005, p. 53). The population that resides in these railway colonies, are also known as “squatters”, and are always in a constant threat of eviction by the railway's authority as they have settled a space on the properties illegally (Chatterjee, 2005, p. 54). These colonies are more than just urban slums, they are the only home for marginalized communities. The people residing in shanties are then known as “non-citizens” who are unable to claim equal citizenship, benefits, agency, and power as everyone else.<br />
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One can question what rights and facilities are in place for these marginalized communities. A lot of children living in these squatters are neglected as their caregivers are at work and are at risk of injuries as these colonies are right next to railway tracks. Childhood injuries is a leading public health issue where unintentional injuries are a cause of morbidity and mortality in children. According to the World Health Organization, over 630,000 deaths occur annually in children less than 15 years of age in 2011 as a result of unintentional injuries.<br />
<br />
The Case study conducted by Banerjee et, Al. sheds light on the issues of unintentional injuries in West Bengal, India at singur block, hoodhly district. It looks at why children are in risks of unintentional injuries. Primary caregivers were interviewed and the researchers assessed the household based on a checklist that identified the level of injury hazards. The results show that more than 37.4 % of the children had some type of injury in the last 3 months.<br />
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The study recommends that parental supervision and modification of the households can prevent these injuries. <br />
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Chatterjee, P. (2004). The Politics of the Governed Reflection on popular politics in most of the world. New York, New York, United States: Columbia University Press.<br />
<br />Maham Aqilhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06432016952816471503noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5967327.post-39080220339757309902017-06-07T15:01:00.000-04:002017-06-07T15:02:20.246-04:00Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals in Africa: Call for a Paradigm Shift - African Journal of Reproductive Health, Vol. 20, No. 3, 2016, pp. 19-21Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) had been a topic of focus in development. The MDGs were 8 goals that all United Nation members agreed to achieve by 2015. That were committed “to combat poverty, hunger, disease, illiteracy, environmental degradation, and discrimination against women (World Health Organization). Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) that followed MDGs aim to not “leave no One Behind”. Not only are the SDGs more ambitious in their goals ( 17 goals and 169 targets), the SDGs have been developed with better consultations, where African countries have played a significant role, are transparent and aimed to have a participatory process.<br />
<br />
These 17 Goals are: the eradication of poverty, end hunger, good health and well-being, quality education, gender equality, clean water and sanitation, affordable and clean energy, decent work and economic growth, industry, innovation and infrastructure, reduced inequalities, sustainable cities and communities, responsible consumption and production, climate action, life below water, life on land, peace, justice and strong institutions and partnerships for the goal.<br />
<br />
This commentary suggests that SDG will only bee successful if the succeed in Africa. The analysis suggested that the reform requires these three categories: those who require reform, those who require a revolution and those who require reversal. Reform is required to meet economic growth and strengthening domestic resource mobilization for development. Revolution is where the progress needs to spread in multiples to meet the targets such as eliminating hunger or reducing maternal mortality. The revolution category is being parried with reducing slum population or reducing waste.<br />
<br />
Shettima argues that “Achieving gender equality goals will revolutionize the achievement of the other goals and is sin qua, non for the achievement of the other goals and for the general attainment of the values and ideas of SDGS.” She states that many of these targets under gender equality are embedded in cultural and social norms and legislation and policies might be involved to reach these targets. She calls for the implementation of compulsory free and education of women to meet the goal of gender equality.<br />
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<br />Maham Aqilhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06432016952816471503noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5967327.post-45482966175277609482017-05-29T13:54:00.000-04:002017-05-29T14:01:43.314-04:00Risk factors associated with pre-term birth in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: a case-control study - Tanzania Journal of Health Research, Vol. 18, No. 1, 2016, pp. 1-8 <div class="MsoNormal">
Lack of a proper health care system in many developing countries takes a toll on its citizens. There are a lot of disease in developing countries that can be prevented by accessible healthcare. Inadequate health care can affect women, especially when talking about obstetric care. Obstetric care is very crucial and can lead to many complex pregnancies, and infant mortality.<br />
<br />
Regular check-ups are important to ensure that the infant is healthy and that the pregnancy is going well. However, with people living in extreme poverty, it is not feasible to get regular checkups. It is important to get checkups as they ensure that the child and the mother are both healthy and don’t have any viruses. However, due to the lack of education on prenatal care, most women do not understand the importance of regular checkups. Therefore, it becomes important to examine the causes of preterm birth.<br />
<br />
This article looks at preterm birth, which can be defined as the birth of an infant before the completion of 37 gestation weeks. This is a serious problem in obstetric care. This article looks at how in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania a case-controlled study was conducted to determine the risk factors of preterm births.<br />
<br />
This case study was conducted in three municipal hospitals ( Amani, Mwanayamala and Temeke) and 377 women participants with preterm birth cases and term births were asked to participate. Short interviews were conducted to compare these females lifestyles demographics to examine whether cross-cultural factors affect birth.<br />
<br />
Results show that certain risk factors are associated with preterm birth that includes multiple pregnancies, untreated vaginal discharge, public prenatal care, untreated unitary tract infection etc.<br />
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This study states that is important to have a planner design community-based intervention to tackle the complications of preterm birth.</div>
Maham Aqilhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06432016952816471503noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5967327.post-65057965932479318402017-05-24T15:56:00.001-04:002017-05-24T15:57:18.396-04:00Risk perception and correlates of alcohol use among out-of-school youth in motor parks in Lagos State, Nigeria - Malawi Medical Journal, Vol. 28, No. 1, 2016, pp. 19-25Canada, United States, and European countries legalized Alcohol and the trade of alcohol with globalization has resulted in an mass alcohol driven economy. In most developed countries, there are measures in place to ensure that children or teenagers do not consume alcohol due to its risk on their health. In Canada, the legal age to drink is 19. This is the age at which adolescent are usually in their first year of university, college, or in grade 13. In schools we are taught about alcohol tolerance, and how one should not consume more alcohol than their body can take, or one should not drink alone. There are a lot of health measures in place to ensure people don’t die or have alcohol intoxication. Even with these measures in place, some teenagers push their boundaries and engage in risky behaviours. Now imagine, if these teenagers were not in school and there were no measures placed by the government to ensure that teenagers cannot access alcohol. What will happen?<br />
<br />
The study aims to analyze the risks, patterns of use, and the correlation of alcohol with the youth who are out of school, in Motor parks, Lago’s State Nigeria. Since the youth are out of school, they are more vulnerable to miss out an opportunity of learning healthy behaviours regarding the consumption of alcohol.<br />
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A cross-sectional study based on interviews was conducted with 380 youth who were out of school. Results state that the level of alcohol prevalence was 61.1 % and 55.5 % of these youth were current drinkers. More than half of the current drinkers have a drinking problem and three-quarters of them had experienced at least one episode of alcohol intoxication in the past month. Even though 63.5 % of them wanted to reduce alcohol intake, only 28.9 % received help in reducing drinking.<br />
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This study concludes that their needs be a program in place to help youth reduce alcohol intake. As suggested 63.5 % of the youth wanted to reduce their alcohol intake, however, they do not have proper infrastructure or support to reduce their alcohol intake. Thus, their attempts always lead to failure. With the proper help and support, youth can come out of alcoholism.<br />
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Maham Aqilhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06432016952816471503noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5967327.post-22452676017762267252017-02-14T00:10:00.003-05:002017-02-14T00:10:58.267-05:00INDOOR AIR POllUTION AS A RISK FACTOR FOR FATAL ANTHRACOSIS AND COPD IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA – THE CASE OF AN UNIDENTIFIED RWANDAN MALE ABOUT 50 YEARS - Rwanda Medical Journal, Vol. 73, No. 1, 2016, pp. 27-30<div class="MsoNormal">
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<div class="MsoNormal">
Air pollution one of the factors of climate change is a
pressing issue in the world. Especially in third world countries, with carbon
dioxide levels rising in the air, it is hard to breathe, and smog rates in
cities such as Bangkok, Delhi are at all times high.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Living in a
developing country, the poor people usually migrate to urban cities to work,
and usually end up working odd jobs. Living in slums these people burn biofuels
or coal to either keep their house warm, to cook or have light at night. This results
in them having heavy contact with indoor pollution. These are results of
governments not having proper infrastructure to provide for the poor. Without
electricity or gas, these people depend on burning wood, coal, whatever they
can. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Similarly, this case study looked at the risks of indoor air
pollution in Sub-Saharan Africa. This case study looks at a Rwandan male of
the age of 50 years and his tendency of having anthracosis. Anthracosis is a
disease that occurs due to the accumulation of coal dust in the lungs tissues,
this takes places due to heavy pollution levels in major cities, smoking or in
the coal mining sector. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
This man was found dead in Kigali by the road side, he was
fully clothed, and had no signs of trauma. His autopsy report of this man
revises that he had severe chronic anthracnose’s, concluding that indoor air
pollution, especially due to the burning of biomass and coal in a closed room
is a risk factor for pulmonary diseases such as anthracosis.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
This case depicts the morphological consequences of
long-term exposure to the pollutants on humans. It concludes that there should
be preventative methods to reduce the concentration of pollutants indoors by
either using more technically advanced devices or improving ventilation in these
rooms so the air could leave the room. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Maham Aqilhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06432016952816471503noreply@blogger.com13tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5967327.post-49197538966108849372017-02-13T20:00:00.005-05:002017-02-13T20:23:13.880-05:00Where do we go in terms of safety and quality of obstetric care in Colombia? - Revista Colombia Médica, Vol. 47, No. 1, 2016, pp. 9-10<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;">The United Nation’s Millennium Development Goals
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<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;"> 1.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>to
eradicate extreme poverty and hunger;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;"> 2.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>to achieve
universal primary education;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;"> 3.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>to promote
gender equality </span><br />
<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;"> and empower women;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;"> 4.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>to reduce
child mortality;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;"> 5.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>to improve
maternal health;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;"> 6.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>to combat
HIV/AIDS, malaria,</span><br />
<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;"> and other diseases;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;"> 7.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>to ensure
environmental sustainability; and<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;"> 8.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>to develop
a global partnership</span><br />
<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;"> for development.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;">All 189 UN member states had agreed to achieve these
goals by 2015, the aimed to combat poverty, hunger, disease, illiteracy,
environmental degradation and discrimination against women </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">(WHO, 2017)</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt;">. After 2015,
Sustainable Development Goals followed and aimed to build on MDG on a broader
ambitious (WHO, 2017). </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;">This article looks at the how the MDG goal of reducing
maternal mortality by 75 % was not met. Even though there was a visible
achievement in the indicators of access to the prenatal care.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Extreme Maternal Morbidity (EMM) are serious
complications that occur during pregnancy or childbirth which can lead to death.
Columbia aimed to prevent maternal death and established the monitoring program
of EMM. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;">The analysis of EMM cases that took place during 2007
to 2012 state that there is an occurrence of delay in obstetric care. This is
due to factors such as either inability of recognition of the alarming symptoms
by the patients, or the lack of proper medical care. The information regardless
can give pointers as to what needs to be improved in the country. This also
includes having an influence of education on pregnancy and its side effects on
females. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;">EMM is a great way to analyze the obstetric care in
Colombia and give pointers as to what the new model should entail under SDG.
These recommendations include that the obstetric care should be based on the
needs of pregnant women and not on the traditional (Pyramidal) model. It is
stressed to have the model be more comprehensive, multidisciplinary and
humanized. Usually, the models created look great on paper, but one seems to
forget that these need to implemented and be used by humans, thus care and
empathy are important parts of health care. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Maham Aqilhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06432016952816471503noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5967327.post-72010548536885322282017-02-13T13:19:00.003-05:002017-02-13T13:19:50.934-05:00Summary Report of Bioline International User Survey<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Summary Report
of Bioline International User Survey</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(June –
December 2016)</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The
survey launched by Bioline International to assess the user base with which we are
working finished at the end of December 2016, after some 300 individuals had
responded over a period of 6 months. The aim of the survey was to try to
establish from which countries usage was taking place, whether the main purpose
was to support research activities, or whether it was used mainly as a teaching
tool – or both. If the main usage was for research, we wanted to find out which
branches of bioscience found the service useful, and what was the overall breadth
of usage disciplines.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Since
the statistics of usage, which are made public continually on-the-fly from the
web site home page (</span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="http://www.bioline.org.br/"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">http://www.bioline.org.br</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> ), showed very high usage
(more than 15 million full text downloads have been recorded annually in recent
years), it seemed important to investigate the user base in order to improve
the service in the future.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The
full results can be seen on line from </span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="http://www.bioline.org.br/survey"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">http://www.bioline.org.br/survey</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">. From this it can be
noted that responding users are drawn from some 65 countries around the world,
both from LMICs and from the ‘North’ – particularly from the USA, China and
some EU countries. This is interesting, as it demonstrates the importance of
the ‘missing science’ to international research progress, and provides encouragement
to the publishers in developing countries, and the authors from these regions who
provide the content for the journals. Thus, not only is usage of the journals
very high, but scientists in the North are finding these articles important to
their own research.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Responding
users are predominantly from the international university communities, although
researchers in government and NGO institutes, both public and private, and
schools are also represented. The bioscience disciplines represented are
predominantly from the medical and health-related disciplines, including
disease control measures and community health developments, but again,
agriculture, environmental studies such as climate change research, and policy
programmes are interested in the information to be found on the site. It is
quite clear that the Bioline user base is very broad and very diverse.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">As
well as requesting users to complete the survey form, we also invited
respondents to tell us a little more about the specific value to their own work
that the site provided. Although some 40 respondents provided <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>more information, this was on the whole brief
and generalised and may partly be explained by the fact that for many users,
English is not their first language, so that writing more personally could be
time consuming. Nevertheless, a few of the responses are attached below, to
give a flavour of the general benefits the users found. It would seem from some
of the responses that the fact that the service is Open Access and free of
charge both to users and publishers is the prime benefit. It is clear also that
some of the information appears to be unique and had not been found elsewhere.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">It
should be explained that Bioline was established more than 25 years ago in
early Internet times and before the WWW, and has slowly and steadily grown,
thanks to the dedicated work of the Bioline teams in Brasil (</span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="http://www.cria.org.br/"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">CRIA</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">) and Canada (</span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="http://www.utoronto/scarborough.net"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">University of Toronto, Scarborough</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">), and occasional UK
support, who provide the service mainly within their existing work programmes,
and often on a voluntary basis. There is a back log of journals wishing to
become part of the service and benefit from the wide usage this would provide,
but current resources do not allow expansion at the present time. However, new
partners with additional resources would help meet this demand without
overstretching current resources.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Some
responses provided by individual users (their comments remain anonymous,
although all respondents were willing to be contacted by Bioline).</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">From Malawi<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">: </i></span></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">It is indispensable. It
has advanced my research skills in natural resource management.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">From Ecuador<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">: </i></span></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">For scientific research
projects concerning my career<br />
It is one of the most relevant pages for research</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">From Ethiopia: </span></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">I came across Bioline by mistake! Even though I have access
to a lot of publications due to my affiliation to Lorraine University, I could
not find an article I was searching for!! However, I could find here at Bioline</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">From Nigeria</span></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">: Bioline is very important to us in Nigeria, in my
University of Port Harcourt and to my personal research work. The major reason
is because it is an open access. We are unable to access the big journals in
Elsevier but we also get very useful information in Bioline</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">From Kenya </span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">It will help the country in identification of public health issues that
will inform policy</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">From Puerto Rica<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">: </i></span></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Bioline provides the
latest information of the plants under research. The Asian and India provides
good works in our area of study.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">From India: </span></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">It usefull for new researchers given new ideas</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">From Mexico: </span></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Solo busco informacion, estoy a punto de terminar mi licenciatura.
Muchas Gracias por brindar estos espacios from Mexico</span></i></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">From Ukraine</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">It is important to know about the study of plants in South America.</i></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">From Kenya: </span></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Bioline is important to find out other authors' advances in
research work in various fields inclusive of agricultural science.</span></i></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Bioline
thanks the survey respondents that have taken the trouble to tell us a little
more about their personal benefits. And thanks also are due to the CRIA team
for developing the survey form and tracking usage.</span></b></div>
Project Coordinator, Bioline Internationalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15178240230721614063noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5967327.post-56142755555015721942017-01-31T21:56:00.002-05:002017-01-31T21:56:36.018-05:00REPORTING OF SEXUAL VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN IN BRAZIL- Brazilian Journal in Health Promotion, Vol. 28, No. 3, 2015, pp. 327-336<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;">Sexual violence against women is an issue that females face all around the world. This issue takes place all around the world, however, the females in developing countries have less access to legal resources, and the women usually don’t speak up because there is a cultural stigma around “rape”. Developing countries have patriarchal system placed in state institutions and the governments role is limited in supporting victims. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;">A huge issue of gang rape has been taking place in India. On 16<sup>th</sup> December, 2012 a women were gang raped and killed in the buss (Roychowdhury, 2013). This news got a lot of media attention. What is interesting is the perception of the men and people on this gang rape. Some people said that it was the girls fault for being gang raped as a decent girl shouldn’t roam around at 9 at night or a girl should be at house doing house work not roaming around at night doing the “wrong” things, wearing the “wrong clothes”. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;">In the mist of the issues around sexual violence and reporting of these violence’s the study by Moreira et,al. elaborated on the issues of sexual violence in Brazil. It aimed to view cases that were reported through Notifiable Diseases Information System. The study analyzed the information on reporting of sexual violence from 2009 to 2013.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The results suggest that 21,871 cases were reported in this period. The northern regions had higher sexual violence being reported in 2013. The study looked at multifaceted factors such as education, race, and involvement of alcohol. Interestingly most often (60.6%) sexual assault was taken place at a female’s house by a person the know. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;">The domestic space should be a place of refugee and comfort however it may be a place of fear. It is ironic that some people say that females should stay home so they are not raped but what if you are raped at home ? Then whose at fault is ? <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Roychowdhury, P. (2013). "The Delhi Gang Rape": The Making of International Causes. <i>Feminist Studies,</i> <i>39</i>(1), 282-292. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/23719317</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Maham Aqilhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06432016952816471503noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5967327.post-28946747044757836152017-01-27T18:26:00.003-05:002017-01-27T18:26:27.942-05:00INFANT FORMULA CRISIS IN CHINA: A COHORT STUDY IN SICHUAN PROVINCE - The Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition, Vol. 33, No. 1, 2015, pp. 117-122<div class="MsoNormal">
China has the largest consumption of infant formula in the word. This study aimed to investigate the opinion of the Chinese mothers on the use of infant formula. After the melamine scandal, this study that took place in Sichuan province in 2011. </div>
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The melamine scandal took place in China in 2008. Due to the lack of food safety, there were milk, infant formulas and other foods that were found to have melamine in it. Melamine is a chemical used out produce plastic. Six infants had died from kidney stones and damages. This problem was also in countered in international products such as Nestle, Cadbury, and Unilever. As an international development studies student, this is study is important as the use of melamine was a wake-up call at an international level, the issue with overpopulation and globalization is evident here where people resort to infant formulas. With a high global demand, it gets harder to maintain standards in developing countries. Thus, it is important to see the perception of mothers using baby formula and to observe if they are aware of the risk that these formulas have on their children. </div>
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This study documented 695 mothers who participated in the study. 647 of the participants tried to breastfeed initially, but only 21 of these participates exclusively fed their babies with infant formulas from the starts. 13 of these mothers did not breastfeed due to Hepatitis B as they believed the virus would transfer to the children. The results state that 70% of the newborns had refaced formula as their first feed, and it increased to 88 % within the first month. Many of the feels had mixed feels as to if the infant formula reduced their breast milk production #8% of these women thought that their infants slept longer at night if they were fed baby formula milk as compared to being breastfed. This study concluded that mother’s options influence the use of infant formula in china and that there needs to be education provided on breastfeeding to improve and maintain breastfeeding outcomes in China.</div>
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An interesting find was that these women were misinformed in regarding breastfeeding and having hepatitis B. Mothers need to be informed and educated during the antenatal session that breastfeeding is the ideal method for feeding unless their nipples are damaged, and that breastfeeding will not increase the risk of hepatitis B infection to their infant. </div>
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Breastfeeding is really important in the initial stage for both the mother and children. A study was done by Stuebe state that for infants in can increase the incidence of infectious morbidity and child obesity, diabetes, leukemia and sudden infant deaths. For mothers, if can increase the risk of breast cancer, ovarian cancer, type two diabetes and metabolic syndrome. A mother’s milk is always a better option as compared to processed infant milk. </div>
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Stuebe A. The Risks of Not Breastfeeding for Mothers and Infants. Reviews in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2009;2(4):222-231.</div>
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</style>Maham Aqilhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06432016952816471503noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5967327.post-28570968595650057642017-01-09T23:04:00.001-05:002017-01-09T23:04:39.197-05:00AWARENESS AND COVERAGE OF THE NATIONAL HEALTH INSURANCE SCHEME AMONG FORMAL SECTOR WORKERS IN ILORIN, NIGERIA - African Journal of Biomedical Research, Vol. 19, No. 1, 2016, pp. 7-16<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;">A prepayment method for health care financing has been adopted by many developing countries to ensure universal coverage for healthcare. In Nigeria, National health insurance scheme (NHIS) was established in 2005. The aim for this was scheme was to “secure universal coverage and access to adequate and affordable healthcare in order to improve the health status of Nigerians, especially for those participating in the various programs/products of the Scheme”. These policies however only target the formal sector workers mainly and that makes only about 4% of the population.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Furthermore, the enrolment to this coverage in Nigeria is only voluntary, it is not mandatory for people to sign up like in Ghana. The majority of the stakeholders in health insurance is government based. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;">Nigeria follows the federal system of government where the governance is shared by three levels (the national, state and local government). The states thus have a high degree of autonomy in many sectors that affect the well-being of its residences such as education and health. Earlier studies have shown that age, sex, education and socio-economic status along with other demographic factors are associated with the awareness of the program and the likelihood of people participating in heath promoting services and schemes. It is crucial to assess the different level of coverage of the NHIS among the formal sector <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in order to attain lessons that could be used in the expansion of the program. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;">A cross-sectional, survey was carried out in Ilorin, Kwara state in Nigeria between February and March 2012. Ilorin is the capital of Kwara and has the population of 2371,089 people. Public/ civil servants over the age of 18 years, who were employed by all levels of government were allegeable to the participle. The sampling was taken in two-stage stratified sampling was used to select 370 respondents and using the systematic sampling the respondents were recruited into the study. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;">The data was analyzed with SPSS, this ethical approval of the study was obtained from Bowen University teaching hospital research ethics committee. The result concludes that majority of the respondents were are of the NHIS. Unfortunately, only 13.5 % of the respondents paid for health care services through NHIS. Furthermore, respondents with post-secondary education and in federal civil services were more likely to be aware of the NHIS program. This means that the program is available and promoted in the higher ranks or socioeconomic status have more access to this information. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Maham Aqilhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06432016952816471503noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5967327.post-73232429725840383632017-01-08T23:47:00.001-05:002017-01-08T23:51:16.633-05:00REMOVABLE ORTHODONTIC APPLIANCES: FREQUENCY AND CLEANING AGENTS USED BY STUDENTS AND RECOMMENDED BY DENTISTS - BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF ORAL SCIENCES, Vol. 15, No. 1, 2016, pp. 21-26<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;">In the last
years, the need for orthodontic treatments has increased. Very few studies have
investigated the attitudes of dentist towards oral prevention measures.
Children who are in the treatment of removable orthodontic appliances (ROA)
have a higher risk for proximal caries, gingivitis, and halitosis as compared
to children without ROA. The children’s characteristics treated with
orthodontic appliances are important and therefore, the dentist recommendation
should present alternates to reduce microbiota and prevent other oral diseases.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;">The study
aims to 1) evaluate the prevalence of the ROA use by adolescents from the age
of 13 to 19 years in the city of Pelotas. Looking for possible links with
socio-demographic factors and hygiene habits 2) to confirm hygiene method
prescribed by dentist. The study was conducted in two different stages, the
first stage consisted of having telephone interviews. Any dentist on the
registered dentist list from the regional council of dentistry of Rio and
Brazil dental association, who lived in Pelotas, and worked in treatment
involving ROA were included in the study.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The dentist was asked questions regarding the hygiene methods for
cleaning acrylic appliances. The second part of the study was student
interviews, where children from different socio-economic status were asked
questions. Both, public and private school students were included in the
sample. The questions consisted of demographic information’s, behavioral habits
and characteristics. These data’s collected were then analyzed by the
Chi-square test and logistic regression. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;">Two hundred
and thirty-five dentists participated in the study and 9.6 % indicated to brush
ROA with soap, 8.0 % advised immersion in hypochlorite, chlorhexidine or
peroxide solutions, 6.0 % suggested other cleaning material and 1.6 % suggested
Corega tabs. Most dentist, 64%, recommended cleaning the appliances 3 times a
day. Thus, dentists (47.2%) reported preferring mechanical methods to clean
their ROA. The prevalence of children using ROA was 3.4 % and they also
preferred mechanical methods to clean their ROA (89.7 %). Thus, one can
conclude that there is a higher frequency of hygiene on the ROA. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;">This case
study concluded that not a lot of people in schools were using removable
appliances. The cleaning methods they used was mechanical which was prescribed
by doctors. An interesting factor to this study was that they hygiene frequency
was considered to have an association with the routine of the use of the
appliances with the type of hygiene method. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
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Maham Aqilhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06432016952816471503noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5967327.post-56923455585839322882017-01-08T20:33:00.002-05:002017-01-08T20:39:11.213-05:00PARENTS’ AND TEACHERS’ PERCEPTIONS OF PROCESSED FOODS IMPACT ON CHILD HEALTH-Brazilian Journal in Health Promotion, Vol. 28, No. 1, 2015, pp. 16-22Brazil has been actively doing research of the impacts of process foods on the human health.
A recent study aimed to gain the opinions of parents and teachers on the processed foods effects on children’s health. Brazil has seen a shift in nutritional profiles, with a significant increase in diseases relating to nutritional excess. This is associated with the development of the country, which is improving the living conditions for some people in the society. Furthermore, with technological advancement and modernity, issues such as obesity are being a serious health problem.<br />
<br />
The convenience of processed food has become part of the children eating habits. The study aimed to analyze the relation of childhood obesity and the influence of processed food. By looking at the role of media and advertisement that appeal to children's imagination such as animals, character references for children. These advertisement techniques result in children consuming unhealthy foods, and the parents are unaware of the risk of these foods.<br />
<br />
<br />
This qualitative study was conducted with 19 parents and 11 teachers of the public child day care in the municipality of Ceara State. Ceara State has a population o of about 25,000 people. This study was conducted from January to September 2010 by having four focus groups. These groups were audiotaped and transcribed as well. The purpose of the groups was to focus the research and formulate a) precise question, b) bring complementary information such as the group's beliefs, attitudes, perceptions and c) develop and hypothesis for the future studies.<br />
<br />
Results state that the teachers have seen a change in the trend of eating behavior of children attending their daycares. They stated that these changes are influenced by commercial that aggravates the consumption of processed foods instead of healthy food options. These commercials are creating a “cult of the new and modern”. Furthermore, even though free meals are provided at the school, the children can buy processed food as it is available at schools. The availability and affordability of processed foods near the school entrance have a strong emotional appeal and compete with the meals offered at the school. Also, even though parents understand the issues and problem of processed foods, they still give unhealthy food to their children. The idea of eating to service has decreased. The availability to buy food has become a status issue where people “live to eat” instead of “eating to live”.<br />
<br />
The study urges for the need for international that is focused on school and family to prevent intimate consumption of processed foods. Similar studies conducted by Monterio et al., (2010) looked at how processed foods in Brazil and being replaced by ultra-processed foods with very little nutritious value. They have also suggested that governments and health authorities should use methods such as legislation, statutory regulations to stop and reverse the replacement of minimally processed foods and processed culinary ingredients by ultra-processed food production.<br />
<br />
<br />
Reference:<br />
<br />
Monteiro, C.A., Levy, R.B., Claro, R.M., de Castro, I.R.R. and Cannon, G. (2010) ‘Increasing consumption of ultra-processed foods and likely impact on human health: evidence from Brazil’, Public Health Nutrition, 14(1), pp. 5–13. doi: 10.1017/S1368980010003241.
Maham Aqilhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06432016952816471503noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5967327.post-79771146639768296022016-10-24T14:12:00.002-04:002016-11-10T12:49:30.629-05:00The young, educated, minorities and the poor move out from south central Ethiopia - African Population Studies, Vol. 30, No. 2, 2016, pp. 2296-2305Migration takes place due to many <i>"Pull Factors" </i>such as better living conditions, better job opportunity, and an overall better life and many "<i>Push Factors" </i>such as unequal access to assets, income, education, healthcare, house ownerships or natural disasters. These natural and manmade factors affect migration rates where communities, individuals, and families move from one area to another. Migration studies conclude that males, youth, people who don’t own property, religious and ethnic minorities, and educated people are highly likely to migrate out of small cities. Furthermore, migration flows also create dramatically during famines.<br />
<br />
Guraghe that is one of the most densely populated zones in Ethiopia. A rapid population growth, low cropping intensity, and fragmental rural land holdings have created a surplus of labor. Due to the economic development witnessed in Ethiopia, people are moving into urban hubs. The study was conducted in Butajira district of Guraghe zone that is located in the Southern nation in an arid and semi-arid area geographically. The district not only had Guraghe tribe predominantly inhabiting it, Silti and Mareko were also other major ethnic groups living in the area. There is a cyclical famine that takes place in the district, it is concerning as the time between the famines has shortened drastically.<br />
<br />
This study looks at outmigration of people from 10 sample neighborhoods in south central Ethiopia to measure the incidence of outmigration among different population groups. Furthermore, ten sampled kebeles based on proportion to size technique were placed, first, a baseline population and housing census were conducted in 1987. Then, a continues monthly registration event took place monthly till 1999.<br />
<br />
Results suggested that there was a 3.97 incidence of out-migration per 100 persons and 95% CI over the 22 years study period. High out migrations were observed among the youth aged 15-19 and 20-29 at the incidence rate of 7/25 and 6.26 per 100 persons. On the contrary, the incidence rate was only 1.94 and 2.08 among adults between the age of 40-49 years and 50 plus.<br />
<br />
The study concluded that the young people aged 15-29 had out-migration at the higher rates which could be to find a better education, job, and marital arrangements. Out-migration was also higher among educated individuals compared to land owners and people who were married. Single people have less social and economic obligations giving them an opportunity to move. The study suggests that the local government should consider having strategies to ensure that the young have employment and housing opportunities in order to ensure that there is less out migrations.<br />
<div>
<br /></div>
Maham Aqilhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06432016952816471503noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5967327.post-66451748287303095902016-10-24T14:12:00.000-04:002016-10-24T14:12:58.720-04:00The young, educated, minorities and the poor move out from south central Ethiopia - African Population Studies, Vol. 30, No. 2, 2016, pp. 2296-2305Migration takes place due to many <i>"Pull Factors" </i>such as better living conditions, better job opportunity, and an overall better life and many "<i>Push Factors" </i>such as unequal access to assets, income, education, healthcare, house ownerships or natural disasters. These natural and manmade factors affect migration rates where communities, individuals, and families move from one area to another. Migration studies conclude that males, youth, people who don’t own property, religious and ethnic minorities, and educated people are highly likely to migrate out of small cities. Furthermore, migration flows also create dramatically during famines.<br />
<br />
Guraghe that is one of the most densely populated zones in Ethiopia. A rapid population growth, low cropping intensity, and fragmental rural land holdings have created a surplus of labor. Due to the economic development witnessed in Ethiopia, people are moving into urban hubs. The study was conducted in Butajira district of Guraghe zone that is located in the Southern nation in an arid and semi-arid area geographically. The district not only had Guraghe tribe predominantly inhabiting it, Silti and Mareko were also other major ethnic groups living in the area. There is a cyclical famine that takes place in the district, it is concerning as the time between the famines has shortened drastically.<br />
<br />
This study looks at outmigration of people from 10 sample neighborhoods in south central Ethiopia to measure the incidence of outmigration among different population groups. Furthermore, ten sampled kebeles based on proportion to size technique were placed, first, a baseline population and housing census were conducted in 1987. Then, a continues monthly registration event took place monthly till 1999.<br />
<br />
Results suggested that there was a 3.97 incidence of out-migration per 100 persons and 95% CI over the 22 years study period. High out migrations were observed among the youth aged 15-19 and 20-29 at the incidence rate of 7/25 and 6.26 per 100 persons. On the contrary, the incidence rate was only 1.94 and 2.08 among adults between the age of 40-49 years and 50 plus.<br />
<br />
The study concluded that the young people aged 15-29 had out-migration at the higher rates which could be to find a better education, job, and marital arrangements. Out-migration was also higher among educated individuals compared to land owners and people who were married. Single people have less social and economic obligations giving them an opportunity to move. The study suggests that the local government should consider having strategies to ensure that the young have employment and housing opportunities in order to ensure that there is less out migrations.<br />
<div>
<br /></div>
Maham Aqilhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06432016952816471503noreply@blogger.com0